The air

ănĭma, ae, f. ( gen. animāï, Lucr. 1, 112; 3, 150 et saep.; cf. Neue, Formenl. I. p. 12; Lachm. ad Lucr. 1, 29; dat. and abl. plur. regul. animis, Cic. Fam. 14, 14; Lact. Inst. 6, 20, 19; 7, 2, 1; Arn. 2, 18; 2, 30; 2, 33; Aug. Civ. Dei, 13, 18; 13, 19; id. Ver. Relig. 22, 43:

animabus, only in eccl. and later Lat.,

Vulg. Exod. 30, 12; ib. Psa. 77, 18; ib. Matt. 11, 29; ib. Heb. 13, 17 et saep.; Tert. adv. Marc. 4, 34; id. Anim. 33 al.; Aug. Civ. Dei, 19, 23; Prud. c. Symm. 1, 531; Aus. Rer. Odyss. 11; Serv. ad Verg. A. 6, 136 al.; Neue, Formenl. I. p. 29) [v. animus], pr. that which blows or breathes; hence,

Lit., air, a current of air, a breeze, wind (mostly poet.):

ne quid animae forte amittat dormiens,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 23 sq.: vela ventorum animae immittere, Att. ap. Non. p. 234, 9 (Trag. Rel. p. 137 Rib.):

aurarum leves animae,

Lucr. 5, 236:

prece quaesit Ventorum pavidus paces animasque secundas,

he anxiously implores a lull in the winds and a favoring breeze, id. 5, 1229:

impellunt animae lintea,

Hor. C. 4, 12, 2:

Ne dubites quin haec animaï turbida sit vis,

Lucr. 6, 693: Quantum ignes animaeque [p. 121] valent (of the wind in the workshop of Vulcan), Verg. A. 8, 403.—Also of a flame of fire (blowing like the air): noctilucam tollo, ad focum fero, inflo; anima reviviscit, Varr. ap. Non. p. 234, 5.—

Transf.

In gen., the air, as an element, like fire, water, and earth (mostly poet.): aqua, terra, anima et sol, Enn. ap. Varr. R. R. 1, 4, 1:

qui quattuor ex rebus posse omnia rentur, Ex igni, terrā atque animā, procrescere et imbri,

Lucr. 1, 715:

ut, quem ad modum ignis animae, sic anima aquae, quodque anima aquae, id aqua terrae proportione redderet. Earum quattuor rerum etc.,

Cic. Tim. 5:

utrum (animus) sit ignis, an anima, an sanguis,

id. Ac. 2, 39, 124:

si anima est (animus), fortasse dissipabitur,

id. Tusc. 1, 1, 24; 1, 25, 6:

si deus aut anima aut ignis est, idem est animus hominis,

id. ib. 1, 26, 65:

animus ex inflammatā animā constat, ut potissimum videri video Panaetio,

id. ib. 1, 18, 42:

Semina terrarumque animaeque,

Verg. E. 6, 32.—

The air inhaled and exhaled, breath (concr.); while spiritus denotes orig. breathing (abstr.; very freq. in prose and poetry); cf. Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136:

excipiat animam eam, quae ducta sit spiritu,

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 44:

animam compressi, aurem admovi,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 6, 28 Ruhnk.:

animam recipe,

take breath, id. Ad. 3, 2, 26:

cum spiritus ejus (sc. Demosthenis) esset angustior, tantum continendā animā in dicendo est assecutus, ut, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261:

ne circuitus ipse verborum sit longior quam vires atque anima patiatur,

id. ib. 3, 49, 191; 3, 46, 181; id. N. D. 2, 54, 136: fetida anima nasum oppugnat, Titin. ap. Non. p. 233, 5 (Com. Rel. p. 136 Rib.); Caecil. ib. 9:

qui non modo animum integrum, sed ne animam quidem puram conservare potuisset,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 58: animas et olentia Medi Ora fovent illo, with this the Medes correct their breath, etc., Verg. G. 2, 134:

respiramen iterque Eripiunt animae,

Ov. M. 12, 143; cf. id. F. 1, 425:

animae gravitas,

bad smell of the breath, Plin. 20, 9, 35, § 91; cf. id. 11, 37, 72, § 188; 22, 25, 64, § 132 al.:

artavit clusitque animam,

Luc. 4, 370; so Tac. A. 6, 50:

spes illorum abominatio animae,

Vulg. Job, 11, 20.—Of breath exhaled:

inspirant graves animas,

Ov. M. 4, 498.— Of the air breathed into a musical instrument, a breath of air, Varr. ap. Non. p. 233. 13.—Since air is a necessary condition of life,

1.. The vital principle, the breath of life:

animus est, quo sapimus, anima, quā vivimus,

Non. p. 426, 27 (hence anima denotes the animal principle of life, in distinction from animus, the spiritual, reasoning, willing principle; very freq. in Lucr. and class.): Mater est terra, ea parit corpus, animam aether adjugat, Pac. ap. Non. p. 75, 11 (Trag. Rel. p. 88 Rib.):

tunc cum primis ratione sagaci, Unde anima atque animi constet natura, videndum,

whence spring life and the nature of the mind, Lucr. 1, 131; 3, 158 sq.; so id. 3, 417 sq.; 3, 565; 3, 705; 2, 950; 4, 922; 4, 944; 4, 959; 6, 798; 6, 1223;

6, 1233 et saep.: deus totus est sensuus, totus visuus, totus audituus, totus animae, totus animi, totus sui,

Plin. 2, 7, 5, § 14 Jan:

quaedam (animantia) animum habent, quaedam tantum animam,

Sen. Ep. 58:

anima omnis carnis in sanguine est,

Vulg. Lev. 17, 14 al. —Hence,

In gen., life:

cum anima corpus liquerit,

Att. Trag. Rel. p. 214 Rib.:

Animae pauxillulum in me habet,

Naev. Com. Rel. p. 14 Rib.: Date ferrum, quī me animā privem, Enn. ap. Non. p. 474, 31 (Trag. Rel. p. 37 Rib.): me dicabo atque animam devōvo (i. e. devovero) hostibus, Att. ap. Non. p. 98, 12 (Trag. Rel. p. 283 Rib.):

conficit animam vis volneris,

Att. Trag. Rel. p. 209 Rib.:

adimere animam,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 137; so id. Men. 5, 5, 7:

exstinguere,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 16:

relinquere,

id. ib. 3, 4, 52:

edere,

Cic. Sest. 38:

de vestrā vitā, de conjugum vestrarum ac liberorum animā judicandum est,

id. Cat. 4, 9, 18:

si tibi omnia sua praeter animam tradidit,

id. Rosc. Am. 50:

libertas et anima nostra in dubio est,

Sall. C. 52, 6:

pauci, quibus relicta est anima, clausi in tenebris, etc.,

id. J. 14, 15; cf.

retinere,

id. ib. 31, 20:

de manu viri et fratris ejus requiram animam hominis,

Vulg. Gen. 9, 5; ib. Matt. 2, 20; ib. 1 Cor. 14, 7:

animam agere,

to give up the ghost, to die, Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 19;

so also efflare,

to expire, id. ib.; id. Mil. 18 fin.; Suet. Aug. 99; so,

exhalare,

Ov. M. 15, 528; and, exspirare, id. ib. 5, 106 (cf. in Gr. thumon apopneein, psuchên ekpneein, bion apopsuchein, etc.):

deponere,

Nep. Hann. 1, 3:

ponere,

Vulg. Joan. 10, 17; 13, 27:

amittere,

Lucr. 6, 1233:

emittere,

Nep. Epam. 9, 3 Br. (so in Gr. aphienai tên psuchên):

proicere,

Verg. A. 6, 436:

purpuream vomit ille animam, said of a wounded man,

id. ib. 9, 349.—In Vulg. Matt. 16, 25 and 26, anima in v. 25 seems to pass to the higher meaning, soul, (cf. infra, II. D.) in v. 26, as hê psuchê in the original also can do.— Poet.:

anima amphorae,

the fumes of wine, Phaedr. 3, 1: Ni ego illi puteo, si occepso, animam omnem intertraxero, draw up all the life of that well, i. e. draw it dry, Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 41.— Trop.:

corpus imperii unius praesidis nutu, quasi animā et mente, regeretur,

Flor. 4, 3:

accentus quasi anima vocis est,

Pompon. p. 67 Lind.—Prov.: animam debere, to owe life itself, of one deeply in debt:

quid si animam debet?

Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 56 (Graecum proverbium: kai autên tên psuchên opheilei, Don.).—Metaph., applied to plants and other things possessing organic life, Sen. Ep. 58; so Plin. 17, 21, 35, § 152; 31, 1, 1, § 3; 14, 1, 3, § 16 al.—

Meton., a creature endowed with anima, a living being: ova parere solet genu' pennis condecoratum, non animam, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, 10, 18:

hi (deos) fibris animāque litant,

Stat. Th. 2, 246; Vulg. Gen. 2, 7; ib. Josh. 11, 11; ib. Luc. 9, 56; ib. Act. 2, 43 et saep.:

animae rationis expertes,

Lact. 3, 8.—So esp. of men (as we also say souls for persons; poet. or in post-Aug. prose):

egregias animas, quae sanguine nobis Hanc patriam peperere suo, etc.,

Verg. A. 11, 24:

animae quales nec candidiores, etc.,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 41; Luc. 5, 322:

vos Treveri et ceterae servientium animae,

ministering spirits, Tac. H. 4, 32.—So in enumerations in eccl. Lat.:

hos genuit Jacob sedecim animas,

Vulg. Gen. 46, 18; 46, 22; ib. Act. 2, 41; 7, 14.—Of slaves (eccl. Lat.):

merces animarum hominum,

Vulg. Apoc. 18, 13 (after the use of hê psuchê and). —Hence, also, souls separated from the body, the shades of the Lower World, manes: Unde (ex Averno) animae excitantur, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37:

tu pias laetis animas reponis Sedibus,

Hor. C. 1, 10, 17; cf. id. S. 1, 8, 29:

animamque sepulcro Condimus,

Verg. A. 3, 67; Ov. M. 7, 612; so id. ib. 8, 488; 10, 41; 14, 411; 15, 158; Suet. Caes. 88; so,

vita: tenuīs sine corpore vitas volitare,

Verg. A. 6, 292.—So in eccl. Lat. of departed spirits:

timete eum, qui potest animam et corpus perdere in Gehennam,

Vulg. Matt. 10, 28 bis:

non derelinques animam meam in Inferno,

ib. Act. 2, 27; ib. Apoc. 6, 9; 20, 4.—

As expressive of love:

vos, meae carissimae animae,

my dearest souls, Cic. Fam. 14, 14; 14, 18:

Pro quā non metuam mori, Si parcent animae fata superstiti,

the dear surviving life, Hor. C. 3, 9, 12; cf.:

animae dimidium meae,

id. ib. 1, 3, 8:

meae pars animae,

id. ib. 2, 17, 5.—

Sometimes for animus, as the rational soul of man.

The mind as the seat of thought (cf. animus, II. A.):

anima rationis consiliique particeps,

Cic. N.D.1, 31, 87:

causa in animā sensuque meo penitus affixa atque insita,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 53:

ingenii facinora, sicut anima, immortalia sunt,

Sall. J. 2, 2.—So often in eccl. Lat.:

ad te Domine, levavi animam meam,

Vulg. Psa. 24, 1; 102, 1; 118, 129:

magnificat anima mea Dominum,

ib. Luc. 1, 46; ib. Act. 15, 24 al.—

As the seat of feeling (cf. animus, II. B.): sapimus animo, fruimur animā: sine animo anima est debilis, Att. ap. Non. p. 426, 29 (Trag. Rel. p. 175 Rib.):

desiderat anima mea ad te, Deus,

Vulg. Psa. 41, 2:

tristis est anima mea,

ib. Matt. 26, 38; ib. Joan. 10, 27 et saep.—

For consciousness (cf. animus, II. A. 3. and conscientia, II. A.):

cum perhibetur animam liquisse,

Lucr. 3, 598; in this phrase animus is more common.

* * *

aura, ae ( gen. sing. aurāï, Verg. A. 6, 747; v. Neue, Formenl. I. p. 11; also, auras, like familias, custodias, terras, etc.; Servius gives this in Verg. A. 11, 801; still all the MSS. give aurae, and so Rib.), f., = aura [AÔ, auô, to blow].

The air, as in gentle motion, a gentle breeze, a breath of air (syn.:

aër, ventus, spiritus): agitatus aër auram facit,

Isid. Orig. 13, 11, 17: semper aër spiritu aliquo movetur;

frequentius tamen auras quam ventos habet,

Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 5:

flatus, qui non aura, non procella, sed venti sunt,

Plin. 2, 45, 45, § 116:

et me... nunc omnes terrent aurae,

now every breeze terrifies me, Verg. A. 2, 728:

Concutiat tenerum quaelibet aura,

Ov. A. A. 2, 650.— Hence,

Transf.

In gen., a breeze, a wind (even when violent):

Et reserata viget genitabilis aura Favoni,

Lucr. 1, 11; cf.: Aura parit flores tepidi fecunda Favoni. Cat. 64, 282:

omnes, Aspice, ventosi ceciderunt murmuris aurae,

Verg. E. 9, 58:

aurae Vela vocant,

id. A. 3, 356:

aura post meridiem,

Vulg. Gen. 3, 8:

aura tenuis,

ib. 3 Reg. 19, 12:

lenis, ib. Job, 4, 16: petulans,

Lucr. 6, 111:

ignarae,

brutish, Cat. 64, 164, ubi v. Ellis:

rapida,

Ov. M. 3, 209:

stridens,

Val. Fl. 2, 586:

violentior,

Stat. Th. 6, 157:

aurae flatus,

Vulg. Act. 27, 40:

omnes eos tollet aura,

ib. Isa. 57, 13 et saep.—Also breath:

flammas exsuscitat aura,

Ov. F. 5, 507.—

Trop.: dum flavit velis aura secunda meis, while a favorable breeze breathed on my sails, i. e. so long as I was in prosperity, Ov. P. 2, 3, 26:

totam opinionem parva non numquam commutat aura rumoris,

Cic. Mur. 17:

tenuis famae aura,

Verg. A. 7, 646:

quem neque periculi tempestas neque honoris aura potuit umquam de suo cursu aut spe aut metu demovere,

Cic. Sest. 47 fin.:

levi aurā spei objectā,

Liv. 42, 39, 1:

sperat sibi auram posse aliquam adflari in hoc crimine voluntatis defensionisque eorum, quibus, etc.,

token of favor, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 13:

nescius aurae (sc. amoris) Fallacis,

Hor. C. 1, 5, 11:

incerta Cupidinis aura,

Ov. Am. 2, 9, 33.—Hence freq. aura popularis, the popular breeze, popular favor, Cic. Har. Resp. 20 fin.; Liv. 3, 33, 7; 30, 45, 6 al.; Hor. C. 3, 2, 20; Quint. 11, 1, 45 (cf.:

ventus popularis,

Cic. Clu. 47, 130); so,

aura favoris popularis,

Liv. 22, 26, 4.—Also in plur.:

nimium gaudens popularibus auris,

Verg. A. 6, 816; and absol.:

adliciendo ad se plebem jam aurā non consilio ferri,

Liv. 6, 11, 7.—

1.. The air (mostly poet. and plur.):

cum Nubila portabunt venti transversa per auras,

Lucr. 6, 190:

Tenvis enim quaedam moribundos deserit aura,

id. 3, 232:

Aurarumque leves animae calidique vapores,

id. 5, 236:

(anima) discedit in auras,

id. 3, 400; 6, 1129 et saep.—Hence, aurae aëris or aëriae aurae freq. in Lucr.: (res) Aëris in teneras possint proferrier auras, 1, 207; 1, 783; 1, 801; 1, 803; 1, 1087; 2, 203; 3, 456; 3, 570; 3, 591;

4, 693: liquidissimus aether Atque levissimus aërias super influit auras,

id. 5, 501; 1, 771; 4, 933:

Nulla nec aërias volucris perlabitur auras,

Tib. 4, 1, 127:

Qui tamen aërias telum contorsit in auras,

Verg. A. 5, 520.—

Esp., the vital air:

Vivit et aetherias vitalīs suscipit auras,

breathes a breath of ethereal air, Lucr. 3, 405;

imitated by Verg.: haud invisus caelestibus auras Vitales carpis, A. 1, 387: vesci vitalibus auris, i. e. vivere,

Lucr. 5, 857; imitated by Verg., A. 1, 546, and 3, 339; so,

haurire auram communem,

Quint. 6, prooem. §

12: captare naribus auras,

to snuff the air, Verg. G. 1, 376.— Trop.: libertatis auram captare, to catch at the air of freedom, i. e. to seize upon any hope of liberty, Liv 3, 37, 1.—

Meton.

The upper air, Heaven, on high:

assurgere in auras,

Verg. G. 3, 109; so id. A. 4, 176:

dum se laetus ad auras Palmes agit,

id. G. 2, 363:

ad auras Aetherias tendit,

id. ib. 2, 291; so id. A. 4, 445: stat ferrea turris ad auras, poet. for ad alta, rises high, id. ib. 6, 554: Sorbet in abruptum fluctus, rursusque sub auras Erigit alternos, id. ib. 3, 422; 7, 466; 2, 759; 5, 427 al.; cf. Wagner, Quaest. Verg. X. 1.—

In opp. to the lower world, the upper world (cf. aether, I. B. 3.):

Eurydice superas veniebat ad auras,

Verg. G. 4, 486; so id. A. 6, 128:

Ortygiam, quae me superas eduxit prima sub auras,

Ov. M. 5, 641; 10, 11 (cf. Verg. A. 6, 481: ad superos);

so of childbirth: pondus in auras expulit,

Ov. M. 9, 704.—In gen. for publicity, daylight:

ferre sub auras,

i. e. to make known, Verg. A. 2, 158:

reddere ad auras,

to restore, id. ib. 2, 259: fugere auras, to seclude or hide one ' s self, id. ib. 4, 388.—

Transf. to other atmospheric objects which exert an influence on bodies, as light, heat, sound, vapor, etc.

A bright light, a gleam, glittering (cf. phaeos aütmê, Callim. Hymn. Dian. 117):

discolor unde auri per ramos aura refulsit,

Verg. A. 6, 204 (splendor auri, Serv.).—

The warmth of sunlight: solis calidior visa est aura, Varr. ap. Non. p. 275, 25.—

Sound, tone, voice, echo:

Si modo damnatum revocaverit aura puellae,

Prop. 3, 23, 15:

at illi Nomen ab extremis fontibus aura refert,

id. 1, 20, 50.—

Vapor, mist, odor, exhalation:

inolentis olivi Naturam, nullam quae mittat naribus auram,

Lucr. 2, 851:

at illi Dulcis compositis spiravit crinibus aura,

a sweet odor exhaled, Verg. G. 4, 417; so Mart. 3, 65; Val. Fl. 5, 589; cf. Heins. ad Ov. M. 15, 394:

si tantum notas odor attulit auras,

Verg. G. 3, 251:

pingues ab ovilibus aurae,

Stat. Th. 10, 46.

* * *

* * *

* * *

spīrĭtus, ūs (scanned spĭrĭtus, Sedul. Hymn. 1 fin.; dat. SPIRITO, Inscr. Orell. 3030; gen., dat., and abl. plur. only eccl. and late Lat., e. g. spirituum, Vulg. Marc. 6, 7:

spiritibus,

Aug. Serm. 216, 11 fin.; Vulg. Luc. 8, 2), m. [spiro], a breathing or gentle blowing of air, a breath, breeze (syn.: aura, flatus).

Lit.

In gen.:

spiritum a vento modus separat: vehementior enim spiritus ventus est, invicem spiritus leviter fluens aër,

Sen. Q. N. 5, 13, 4; cf. Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 5: spiritus Austri Imbricitor, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2 (Ann. v. 423 Vahl.), Cic. poët. N. D. 2, 44, 114:

Boreae,

Verg. A. 12, 365:

quo spiritus non pervenit,

Varr. R. R. 1, 57, 2; cf.:

silentis vel placidi spiritus dies,

Col. 3, 19 fin.:

alvus cum multo spiritu redditur,

Cels. 2, 7 med. —

In partic.

The air: imber et ignis, spiritus et gravis terra, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 37 Müll. (Ann. v. 511 Vahl.):

proximum (igni) spiritus, quem Graeci nostrique eodem vocabulo aëra appellant,

Plin. 2, 5, 4, § 10:

quid tam est commune quam spiritus vivis?

Cic. Rosc. Am. 26, 72; cf. Quint. 12, 11, 13:

potestne tibi haec lux, Catilina, aut hujus caeli spiritus esse jucundus?

Cic. Cat. 1, 6, 15.—

An exhalation, smell, odor:

spiritus unguenti suavis,

Lucr. 3, 222:

foedi odoris,

Cels. 5, 26, 31 fin.:

florum,

Gell. 9, 4, 10:

sulfuris,

Pall. Aug. 9, 1; cf. Hor. C. 3, 11, 19.—

Breathed air, a breath:

quojus tu legiones difflavisti spiritu,

Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 17.— Absol.: (equus) saepe jubam quassit simul altam: Spiritus ex animā calida spumas agit albas, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 3 (Ann. v. 507 Vahl.):

creber spiritus,

Lucr. 6, 1186:

ardentes oculi atque attractus ab alto Spiritus,

Verg. G. 3, 505:

petitus imo spiritus,

Hor. Epod. 11, 10:

in pulmonibus inest raritas... ad hauriendum spiritum aptissima,

Cic. N. D. 2, 55, 136:

diffunditur spiritus per arterias,

id. ib. 2, 55, 138:

animantium vita tenetur, cibo, potione, spiritu,

id. ib. 2, 54, 134:

si spiritum ducit, vivit,

id. Inv. 1, 46, 86:

tranquillum atque otiosum spiritum ducere,

id. Arch. 12, 30:

longissima est complexio verborum, quae volvi uno spiritu potest,

id. de Or. 3, 47, 182:

versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare,

id. ib. 1, 61, 261:

spiritus nec crebro receptus concidat sententiam, nec eo usque trahatur, donec deficiat,

Quint. 11, 3, 53:

lusit vir egregius (Socrates) extremo spiritu,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 40, 96; cf. id. Sest. 37, 79: quorum usque ad extremum spiritum est provecta prudentia, id. Sen. 9, 27:

quos idem Deus de suis spiritibus figuravit,

Lact. Epit. 42, 3.—With gen.:

ut filiorum suorum postremum spiritum ore excipere liceret,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 45, § 118; Cels. 4, 4; 3, 27; Col. 6, 9, 3; Quint. 9, 4, 68; 11, 3, 32; 11, 3, 53 sq.—

Transf.

In abstr., a breathing:

aspera arteria excipiat animam eam, quae ducta sit spiritu,

Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136; cf. id. ib. 2, 55, 138:

aër spiritu ductus alit et sustentat animantes,

id. ib. 2, 39, 101:

crevit onus neque habet quas ducat spiritus auras,

Ov. M. 12, 517.—Esp.: spiritum intercludere (includere), to stop the breath, suffocate, choke, etc.:

lacrimae spiritum et vocem intercluserunt,

Liv. 40, 16, 1; 40, 24, 7; so,

includere,

id. 21, 58, 4.—

The breath of a god, inspiration:

haec fieri non possent, nisi ea uno divino et continuato spiritu continerentur,

by a divine inspiration, Cic. N. D. 2, 7, 19; 3, 11, 28; cf.:

poëtam quasi divino quodam spiritu inflari,

id. Arch. 8, 18.—

The breath of life, life:

eum spiritum, quem naturae debeat, patriae reddere,

Cic. Phil. 10, 10, 20:

vos vero qui extremum spiritum in victoriā effudistis,

id. ib. 14, 12, 32:

dum spiritus hos regit artus,

Verg. A. 4, 336; cf. Hor. C. 4, 8, 14:

ne cum sensu doloris aliquo spiritus auferatur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 45, § 118:

aliquem spiritu privare,

Vell. 2, 87, 2:

merula spiritum reddidit,

to expire, die, id. 2, 22, 2:

spiritus tenues vanescat in auras,

Ov. H. 12, 85:

non effundere mihi spiritum videbar, sed tradere,

Sen. Ep. 78, 4:

novissimum spiritum per ludibrium effundere,

Tac. H. 3, 66 fin.; cf. supra, I. B.—

Poet.,= suspirium, a sigh, Prop. 1, 16, 32; 2, 29 (3, 27), 38.—

In gram., a breathing or aspiration (asper and lenis), Prisc. p. 572 P.; Aus. Idyll. 12 de Monos. Graec. et Lat. 19. —

The hiss of a snake, Verg. Cul. 180.—

Trop.

(Class.) A haughty spirit, haughtiness, pride, arrogance; also, spirit, high spirit, energy, courage (esp. freq. in the plur.; syn. animi).

Sing. (in the best prose only in gen. and abl., which are wanting in plur.):

regio spiritu,

Cic. Agr. 2, 34, 93:

quem hominem! quā irā! quo spiritu!

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 2, § 6:

illos ejus spiritus Siciliensis,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 9, § 22:

tantum fiduciae ac spiritūs,

Caes. B. C. 3, 72:

filia Hieronis, inflata adhuc regiis animis ac muliebri spiritu,

Liv. 24, 22:

patricii spiritūs animus,

id. 4, 42, 5:

ex magnitudine rerum spiritum ducat,

Quint. 1, 8, 5:

corpore majorem rides Turbonis in armis Spiritum et incessum,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 311:

cecidit spiritus ille tuus,

Prop. 2, 3, 2:

spiritu divino tactus,

Liv. 5, 22, 5:

non negaverim fuisse alti spiritūs viros,

Sen. Ep. 90, 14.—

Plur.:

res gestae, credo, meae me nimis extulerunt ac mihi nescio quos spiritus attulerunt,

Cic. Sull. 9, 27:

noratis animos ejus ac spiritus tribunicios, etc.,

id. Clu. 39, 109; cf.:

unius tribuni militum animos ac spiritus,

id. Imp. Pomp. 22, 66:

tantos sibi spiritus, sumpserat, ut ferendus non videretur,

Caes. B. G. 1, 33 fin. in re militari sumere, id. ib. 2, 4:

nam Dion regios spiritus repressit,

Nep. Dion, 5, 5:

cum spiritus plebes sumpsisset,

Liv. 4, 54:

si cui honores subdere spiritus potuerunt,

id. 7, 40:

remittant spiritus, comprimant animos suos, sedent arrogantiam, etc.,

Cic. Fl. 22, 53:

spiritus feroces,

Liv. 1, 31:

quorum se vim ac spiritus fregisse,

id. 26, 24:

cohibuit spiritus ejus Thrasea,

Tac. A. 16, 26:

Antipater, qui probe nosset spiritus ejus,

Curt. 6, 1, 19.—

(Mostly poet. and in post-Aug. prose.) Spirit, soul, mind.

Sing.:

quoslibet occupat artus Spiritus,

Ov. M. 15, 167; Tac. A. 16, 34: spiritum Phoebus mihi, Phoebus artem Carminis dedit, poetic spirit or inspiration, Hor. C. 4, 6, 29; cf.:

mihi Spiritum Graiae tenuem Camenae Parca non mendax dedit,

id. ib. 2, 16, 38:

qualis Pindarico spiritus ore tonat,

Prop. 3, 17 (4, 16), 40:

imperator generosi spiritŭs,

Plin. 8, 40, 61, § 149: avidus (i. e. to epithumêtikon, the desiring, coveting soul), Hor. C. 2, 2, 10:

quidam comoedia necne poëma Esset, quaesivere: quod acer spiritus ac vis Nec verbis nec rebus inest,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 46:

majoris operis ac spiritūs,

Quint. 1, 9, 15:

alti spiritūs plena,

id. 10, 1, 44:

virtus magni spiritus est et recti,

Sen. Ep. 74, 29:

qui spiritus illi, Quis vultus vocisque sonus,

Verg. A. 5, 648.—

Plur.: Coriolanus hostiles jam tum spiritus gerens, Liv. 2, 35; Curt. 5, 8, 17.—

Transf. (like anima, and the Engl. soul), a beloved object, Vell. 2, 123 fin. —

Spiritus, personified, a spirit (late Lat.); so,

esp., Spiritus Sanctus or simply Spiritus,

the Holy Ghost, Holy Spirit, Cod. Just. 1, 1, 1; Aus. Ephem. 2, 18:

jurare per Deum et per Christum et per Spiritum Sanctum,

Veg. 2, 5:

nocens ille Spiritus,

an evil spirit, Lact. 4, 27, 12:

Spiritus nigri,

evil spirits, Sedul. Carm. 3, 41.

măre, is ( abl. sing. mare, Varr. ap. Charis. p. 45 and 111 P.; and in Prisc. p. 759 ib.; Lucr. 1, 161; Ov. Tr. 5, 2, 20; id. P. 4, 6, 46; 198; Lact. Mort. Pers. 21, 11; gen. plur. marum, Naev. ap. Prisc. p. 770 P.), n. [root mar-, gleam, glimmer (cf. hals marmareê, Il. 14, 273); Gr. marmaros; Lat. marmor; Sanscr. mīras, sea; Goth. marei; Angl. - Sax. mere; Germ. Meer. Curtius, however, refers these words to root mar-, die; cf. morior, marceo], the sea, opp. to dry land.

Lit.

In gen.: sol, qui Mare, terram, caelum contines tuo cum lumine, Enn. ap. Prob. Verg. E. 6, 31 (Trag. v. 322 Vahl.): indu mari magno, id. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2 (Ann. v. 425 ib.):

mare infidum,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 13:

fluctuosum,

id. Rud. 4, 2, 5:

ventosum,

Hor. C. 3, 4, 45:

tumultuosum,

id. ib. 3, 1, 26:

tumidum,

Verg. A. 8, 671:

placidum,

id. E. 2, 26:

tranquillum,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 1, 4:

vastissimum,

Cic. Pis. 24, 57:

vastum atque apertum,

Caes. B. G. 3, 12:

profundum et immensum,

Cic. Planc. 6, 15:

planum,

Juv. 12, 62:

numquam ingressus es mare,

Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 5:

mare pedibus ingredi,

Lact. 4, 15, 21:

remenso ire mari,

Verg. A. 3, 144: terrā marique, by sea and by land:

terra marique acquirenda,

i. e. at all hazards, Juv. 14, 222; v. terra.—In plur.: maria salsa, Enn. ap. Non. 183, 18 (Trag. v. 145 Vahl.):

quibus cavernis maria sustineantur,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 24 fin.:

in reliquis maribus,

Caes. B. G. 5, 1, 2.— Poet. as a figure for hard-heartedness:

te saevae progenuere ferae Aut mare, etc.,

Ov. H. 7, 39; cf. Cat. 64, 155; cf. also: Nam mare haud est mare; vos mare acerrumum;

nam in mari repperi, hic elavi bonis,

Plaut. As. 1, 2, 8 sq.: meretricem ego item esse reor mare ut est;

quod des devorat, numquam abundat,

id. Truc. 2, 7, 17 sq. —In apposition with Oceanus:

proximus mare Oceanum in Andibus hiemarat,

Caes. B. G. 3, 7, 2; Tac. H. 4, 12; cf.

also: ecce maris magna claudit nos obice pontus,

the depths of the sea, Verg. A. 10, 377:

maria omnia caelo Miscere,

id. ib. 5, 790.—Prov.: mare caelo miscere, to mingle sea and sky, i. e. to raise a terrific storm, bluster:

clames licet, et mare caelo Confundas, homo sum,

Juv. 6, 282:

quis caelum terris non misceat et mare caelo,

id. 2, 25: terrā marique aliquid quaerere or conquirere, to search for a thing by sea and land, i. e. everywhere, Plaut. Poen. prol. 105; Vatin. ap. Cic. Fam. 5, 9; Sall. C. 13: maria et montes polliceri, to promise seas and mountains, i. e. more than one can perform, id. ib. 23, 2: his qui contentus non est, in mare fundat aquas, pour water into the sea, i. e. fill that which is already full, Ov. Tr. 5, 6, 44.—

In partic., of single seas:

mare nostrum,

i. e. the Mediterranean Sea, Caes. B. G. 5, 1; Sall. J. 17; Plin. 6, 28, 30, § 126; Luc. 8, 293:

mare superum,

the Upper Sea, the Adriatic, Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 11; Cic. de Or. 3, 19, 69; Mel. 2, 4; Plin. 3, 5, 6, § 41; 3, 5, 10 al.: mare inferum, the Etruscan Sea, Cic. l. l.; Att. 8, 3, 5; Mel. l. l.;

Plin. l. l. al.: mare Aegeum,

Juv. 13, 246: mare rubrum, v. ruber;

of a fresh - water lake: Galileae,

Vulg. Matt. 4, 18.—

Transf. ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose).

Sea-water, salt-water:

Chium maris expers,

unmixed Chian wine, Hor. S. 2, 8, 15 (id est, sine aqua marina, Schol. Acr.); so,

vinum mari condire,

Plin. 14, 7, 9, § 73.—

The color of the sea, sea-green:

smaragdi virens mare,

Plin. 37, 6, 21, § 80. —

Of the air: mare aëris, the sea, i. e. expanse of air:

id omne Aëris in magnum fertur mare,

Lucr. 5, 276.—

A large vessel:

bases et mare aëneum,

Vulg. 4 Reg. 25, 13.

āēr, āĕris, m. (in Enn. once fem., Gell. 13, 20, 14, as also aêr in Gr., in the earliest per, was fem., Gr. gen. aëros, Stat. Th. 2, 693; Gr. acc. aëra, Cic., Sen., Plin.;

pure Lat. form, āĕrem,

Varr. L. L. 5, 10, 65; Cato ap. Serv ad Verg. A. 10, 184; Plin. 18, 1, 1, § 3; plur nom. and acc. āĕres, Vitr. 11; later āĕra, Ven. Fort. Carm 9, 1, 141, dat. āĕribus, Lucr. 4, 289; 5, 643), = aêr, the air, properly the lower atmosphere (in distinction from aether, the upper pure air):

istic est is Juppiter quem dico, quem Graeci vocant Aërem, qui ventus est et nubes, imber postea, Atque ex imbre frigus, ventus post fit, aër denuo, Enn. ap. Varr L. L. 5, § 65 Müll. (Epicharm. v. 9 Vahl.,: terra circumfusa undique est hac animall spirabilique naturā, cui nomen est aër, Graecum illud quidem, sed perceptum jam tamen usu a nostris, tritum est enim pro Latino,

Cic. N. D. 2, 36, 91:

itaque aër et ignis et aqua et terra primae sunt,

id. Ac. 1, 7, 26:

Anaximenes aëra Deum statuit,

id. N. D. 1, 10:

aërem in perniciem vertere,

Plin. 18, 1, 1, § 3 al. —Also in plur.: aëribus binis, Lucr 4, 291: aëres locorum salubres aut pestilentes, Vitr 1, 1 fin. —

Transf.

Poet.: aër summus arboris, the airy summit, for the highest point, Verg. G. 2, 123; cf. Juv. 6, 99.—

Also poet. for a cloud, vapor, mist:

Venus obscuro gradientes aëre sepsit,

Verg. A. 1, 411: aëre septus, Val Fl. 5,401—

With limiting adj. = the weather:

crassus,

Cic. Ac. 2, 25, 81. fusus et extenuatus, id. N. D. 2, 39 purus et tenuis, id. ib. 2, 16 temperatus, id. Div 2, 42

† aera (dissyl.), ae, f., = aira, a weed among grain; darnel, tare, or cockle, Lolium temulentum, Linn.; Plin. 18, 17, 44, § 156.

āēr, āĕris, m. (in Enn. once fem., Gell. 13, 20, 14, as also aêr in Gr., in the earliest per, was fem., Gr. gen. aëros, Stat. Th. 2, 693; Gr. acc. aëra, Cic., Sen., Plin.;

pure Lat. form, āĕrem,

Varr. L. L. 5, 10, 65; Cato ap. Serv ad Verg. A. 10, 184; Plin. 18, 1, 1, § 3; plur nom. and acc. āĕres, Vitr. 11; later āĕra, Ven. Fort. Carm 9, 1, 141, dat. āĕribus, Lucr. 4, 289; 5, 643), = aêr, the air, properly the lower atmosphere (in distinction from aether, the upper pure air):

istic est is Juppiter quem dico, quem Graeci vocant Aërem, qui ventus est et nubes, imber postea, Atque ex imbre frigus, ventus post fit, aër denuo, Enn. ap. Varr L. L. 5, § 65 Müll. (Epicharm. v. 9 Vahl.,: terra circumfusa undique est hac animall spirabilique naturā, cui nomen est aër, Graecum illud quidem, sed perceptum jam tamen usu a nostris, tritum est enim pro Latino,

Cic. N. D. 2, 36, 91:

itaque aër et ignis et aqua et terra primae sunt,

id. Ac. 1, 7, 26:

Anaximenes aëra Deum statuit,

id. N. D. 1, 10:

aërem in perniciem vertere,

Plin. 18, 1, 1, § 3 al. —Also in plur.: aëribus binis, Lucr 4, 291: aëres locorum salubres aut pestilentes, Vitr 1, 1 fin. —

Transf.

Poet.: aër summus arboris, the airy summit, for the highest point, Verg. G. 2, 123; cf. Juv. 6, 99.—

Also poet. for a cloud, vapor, mist:

Venus obscuro gradientes aëre sepsit,

Verg. A. 1, 411: aëre septus, Val Fl. 5,401—

With limiting adj. = the weather:

crassus,

Cic. Ac. 2, 25, 81. fusus et extenuatus, id. N. D. 2, 39 purus et tenuis, id. ib. 2, 16 temperatus, id. Div 2, 42

† aera (dissyl.), ae, f., = aira, a weed among grain; darnel, tare, or cockle, Lolium temulentum, Linn.; Plin. 18, 17, 44, § 156.

gesto, āvi, ātum, 1, v. freq. a. and n. [gero].

Act., to bear, to carry, to have; to wear, wield (mostly poet. and in postAug. prose; for fero, porto, gero, habeo).

Lit.:

quae olim parva gestavit crepundia,

Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 36:

quae nisi fecissem, frustra Telamone creatus Gestasset laeva taurorum tergora septem (i. e. scutum),

Ov. M. 13, 347:

clavos trabales et cuneos manu ahena (Necessitas),

Hor. C. 1, 35, 19:

gemmam digito,

Plin. 2, 63, 63, § 158:

coronam lauream capite,

Suet. Tib. 69; cf. Ov. M. 2, 366:

ferrum et scopulos gestare in corde,

id. ib. 7, 33:

non obtunsa adeo gestamus pectora,

Verg. A. 1, 567; cf.:

neque jam livida gestat armis Brachia,

Hor. C. 1, 8, 10:

mercem sine fucis,

id. S. 1, 2, 83:

quem ego puerum tantillum in manibus gestavi meis,

Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 24: post cervicibus fractis caput abscidit, idque affixum gestari jussit in pilo, * Cic. Phil. 11, 2, 5; cf. Vell. 2, 27, 3:

agnam lecticā,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 214:

dorso, sicut jumenta, onera gestare,

Curt. 4, 2; cf.:

arma umeris,

Liv. 27, 48, 16:

in umeris,

Vulg. Isa. 46, 7:

suum in pectore testem,

Juv. 13, 198:

cur in hoc digito gestaretur annulus,

Macr. Sat. 7, 13, 11:

lorum in collo pro bullae decore,

id. ib. 1, 6, 13.— Absol.:

(elephantos) decem annis gestare in utero vulgus existimat,

to go with young, Plin. 8, 10, 10, § 28:

ex urbe atque Italia irritamenta gulae gestabantur,

Tac. H. 2, 62; cf. Sen. Q. N. 5 fin. —

In partic., gestari, to be carried about (in a litter, carriage, boat, etc.), to take the air, to ride, drive, sail, etc., for pleasure:

nunc exerceamur, nunc gestemur, nunc prandeamus,

Sen. Ep. 122 med.; cf. Mart. 12, 17, 3:

gestatus bijugis Regulus esset equis,

id. 1, 13, 8:

porticus in qua gestetur dominus,

Juv. 7, 179:

equus gestandi gratia commodatum,

for the sake of a ride, Gai. Inst. 3, 196; cf. in the foll. II.—

Trop.:

hicine non gestandus in sinu est?

i. e. to be dearly loved, Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 75:

tu quidem Meum animum gestas: scis, quid acturus siem,

know my wish, Plaut. Merc. 3, 3, 11; cf.:

rex te ergo in oculis... gestare,

Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 11.—

In partic., to carry about, to report, blab, tell:

homines qui gestant quique auscultant crimina,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 12:

pessimum genus hominum videbatur, qui verba gestarent: sunt qui vitia gestant,

Sen. Ep. 123.—

Neutr., like veho, in the signif. of I. A. 2., to be carried out, to ride, drive, sail, etc., to take the air (very rare):

simul gestanti, conspecto delatore ejus, Vis, inquit, etc.,

Suet. Dom. 11:

ne ad gestandum quidem umquam aliter iter ingressus, quam ut, etc.,

id. Galb. 8.

āĕrĭus (quadrisyl.), more rar. āĕrĕ-us, a, um, adj., = aerios.

Pertaining to the air, aërial (a poet. word, which Cic. uses only in higher flights of speech):

volucres,

Lucr. 5, 825; Cic. Univ. 10:

volatus avium atque cantus,

id. Top. 20:

aërias vias carpere,

their way in the air, Ov. A. A. 2, 44: aërias tentăsse domos, the heavens, * Hor. C. 1, 28, 5 al.—Hence aërium mel, because the bee was believed to collect its honey from falling dew, Verg. G. 4, 1. —

Rising aloft, airy, high. —So esp. of mountains:

Alpes,

Verg. G. 3, 474; Ov. M. 2, 226:

aërio vertice Taurus,

Tib. 1, 7, 15 ( aetherio, Müll.):

cacumen,

Cat. 64, 240 al. —Of trees:

quercus,

Verg. A. 3, 680:

ulmus,

id. E. 1, 59.—Of other things:

arces,

Verg. A. 3, 291:

(capra) cornibus aëriis,

Ov. F. 5, 119.—

Aëria spes, airy, i. e. quickly flying away, vain, fleeting, transitory, Arn. 2, p. 86.

pendĕo, pĕpendi, 2, v. n. [ intr. of pendo, q. v.], to hang, hang down, be suspended.

Lit., constr. with ab, ex, or in and abl.; also ( poet.), with abl. alone, or with de: pendent peniculamenta, Enn. ap. Non. 149, 32 (Ann. v. 363 Vahl.): in candelabro pendet strigilis, Varr. ap. Non. 223, 7:

in arbore,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 23, § 57:

sagittae pende, bant ab umero,

id. ib. 2, 4, 34, §

74: ex arbore,

id. ib. 2, 3, 26, §

66: ubera circum (pueri),

Verg. A. 8, 632:

horrida pendebant molles super ora capilli,

Ov. P. 3, 3, 17:

capiti patiar sacros pendere corymbos,

Prop. 2, 23, 35 (3, 28, 39):

telum... summo clipei nequiquam umbone pependit,

Verg. A. 2, 544:

deque viri collo dulce pependit onus,

Ov. F. 2, 760.—Of garments:

chlamydemque ut pendeat apte, Collocat,

Ov. M. 2, 733:

tigridis exuviae per dorsum a vertice pendent,

Verg. A. 11, 577.—Of slaves, who were strung up to be flogged, Plaut. As. 3, 3, 27:

quando pendes per pedes,

id. ib. 2, 2, 35:

ibi pendentem ferit,

id. Trin. 2, 1, 19; id. Truc. 4, 3, 3; cf. id. Men. 5, 5, 48: quid me fiet nunciam? Theo. Verberibus caedere pendens, id. Most. 5, 2, 45:

ego plectar pendens, nisi, etc.,

Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 43; id. Eun. 5, 6, 20.— Poet., of suspended votive offerings:

omnibus heu portis pendent mea noxia vota,

Prop. 4 (5), 3, 17; Tib. 1, 1, 16 (24):

pendebatque vagi pastoris in arbore votum,

id. 2, 5, 29:

pendebit fistula pinu,

Verg. E. 7, 24:

multaque praeterea sacris in postibus arma, Captivi pendent currus, etc.,

id. A. 7, 184.—Of one who hangs himself, Mart. 8, 61, 2:

e trabe sublimi triste pependit onus,

Ov. R. Am. 18:

pendentem volo Zoilum videre,

Mart. 4, 77, 5.—Of any thing hung up for public notice;

of the names of persons accused,

Suet. Dom. 9, Plin. Ep. 4, 9, 1;

of goods hung up, exposed for sale,

Phaedr. 3, 4, 1;

transf., of a debtor whose goods are exposed for sale,

Suet. Claud. 9 fin. —Prov.: pendere filo or tenui filo, to hang by a thread, i. e. to be in great danger: hac noctu filo pendebit Etruria tota, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 1, 4 (Ann. v. 153 Vahl.):

omnia sunt hominum tenui pendentia filo,

Ov. P. 4, 3, 35; Val. Max. 6, 4, 1.—

Transf. (mostly poet.; cf. immineo).

To hang in the air, be suspended, to float, hover, overhang: per speluncas saxis structas asperis, pendentibus, Poët. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37 (Trag. Rel. p. 245 Rib.);

imitated,

Lucr. 6, 195:

hinc scopulus raucis pendet adesus aquis,

Ov. H. 10, 26:

dum siccā tellure licet, dum nubila pendent,

Verg. G. 1, 214:

hi summo in fluctu pendent,

id. A. 1, 106:

illisaque prora pependit,

id. ib. 5, 206; Curt. 4, 2, 9:

dumosā pendere procul de rupe videbo (capros),

Verg. E. 1, 77:

pendentes rupe capellae,

Ov. P. 1, 8, 51.—So of birds, which float or hover in the air:

olor niveis pendebat in aëra pennis,

Ov. M. 7, 379; 8, 145:

et supra vatem multa pependit avis,

Mart. Spect. 21.—

Of a rapid course: raraque non fracto vestigia pulvere pendent,

Stat. Th. 6, 638.—

To hang loosely together, be unstable, movable:

opertum (litus) pendeat algā,

Ov. M. 11, 233.—

To hang about, loiter, tarry, linger anywhere:

nostroque in limine pendes,

Verg. A. 6, 151.—

To hang down, be flabby or flaccid, weak, without strength:

fluidos pendere lacertos,

Ov. M. 15, 231:

pendentesque genas et aniles aspice rugas,

Juv. 10, 193.—

To weigh:

offula cum duabus costis quae penderet III. et XX. pondo,

Varr. R. R. 2, 4, 11:

cyathus pendet drachmas X., mna pendet drachmas Atticas centum,

Plin. 21, 34, 109, § 185:

Lucio Titio modios centum, qui singuli pondo centum pendeant, heres dato,

Dig. 33, 6, 7.—

Trop.

To hang, rest, or depend upon a person or thing (class.); constr. with ex, in, ab, the simple abl., or de:

tuorum, qui ex te pendent,

Cic. Fam. 6, 22, 2:

spes pendet ex fortunā,

id. Par. 2, 17:

ex quo verbo tota causa pendebat,

id. de Or. 2, 25, 107; id. Fam. 5, 13, 1:

hinc omnis pendet Lucilius,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 6:

an ignoratis. vectigalia perlevi saepe momento fortunae pendere?

Cic. Agr. 2, 29, 80:

salus nostra, quae spe exiguā extremāque pendet,

Cic. Fl. 2, 4:

tam levi momento mea apud vos fama pendet,

Liv. 2, 7, 10:

pendere ex alterius vultu ac nutu,

id. 39, 5, 3:

oblite, tuā nostram pendere salutem,

Sil. 3, 109: in sententiis [p. 1328] omnium civium famam nostram fortunamque pendere, Cic. Pis. 41, 98:

ex ancipiti temporum mutatione pendere,

Curt. 4, 1, 27; Luc. 5, 686:

deque tuis pendentia Dardana fatis,

Sil. 13, 504; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 105:

tyrannus, cum quo fatum pendebat amici,

Juv. 4, 88.—

To hang upon a person's words, to gaze fixedly, listen attentively to ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose; cf.

haereo): (Dido) pendet iterum narrantis ab ore,

Verg. A. 4, 79:

narrantis conjux pendet ab ore viri,

Ov. H. 1, 30:

ab imagine pendet,

Sil. 8, 93; cf. Quint. 11, 3, 72:

pervigil Arcadio Tiphys pendebat ab astro,

Val. Fl. 1, 481:

attentus et pendens,

Plin. Ep. 1, 10, 7:

ex vultu dicentis pendent omnium vultus,

Sen. Contr. 9, 23, 5.— Poet., with a terminal clause:

e summo pendent cupida agmina vallo, Noscere quisque suos,

Stat. Th. 10, 457.—

To be suspended, interrupted, discontinued ( poet. and in post-class. prose):

pendent opera interrupta,

Verg. A. 4, 88:

mutui datio interdum pendet,

Dig. 12, 1, 8:

condictio pendet,

ib. 7, 1, 12 fin.:

actio negotiorum gestorum pendeat,

ib. 3, 5, 8; 24, 1, 11:

pendet jus liberorum, propter jus postliminii,

Just. Inst. 1, 12, 5.—

To hang suspended, be ready to fall:

nec amicum pendentem corruere patitur,

Cic. Rab. Post. 16, 43.—

To be in suspense, to be uncertain, doubiful, irresolute, perplexed (cf. haesito):

animus tibi pendet?

Ter. Ad. 2, 2, 18:

nolo suspensam et incertam plebem Romanam obscurā spe et caecā exspectatione pendere,

Cic. Agr. 2, 25, 66:

ne diutius pendeas,

id. Att. 4, 15, 6:

quia quam diu futurum hoc sit, non nimis pendeo,

Sen. Ep. 61, 2:

mortales pavidis cum pendent mentibus,

Lucr. 6, 51.—Esp. freq.:

pendere animi (locative case, v. Kühnast,

Liv. Synt. p. 39):

Clitipho cum spe pendebit animi,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 4, 5:

exanimatus pendet animi,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 16, 35:

pendeo animi exspectatione Corfiniensi,

id. Att. 8, 5, 2:

animi pendeo et de te et de me,

id. ib. 16, 12.—With rel.-clause:

ego animi pendeo, quid illud sit negotii,

Plaut. Merc. 1, 2, 18:

ostendis te pendere animi, quamnam rationem, etc.,

Cic. Att. 11, 12, 1; id. Leg. 1, 3, 9.—Less freq.: pendere animo: atque animo noctu pendens eventa timebat, Cic. poët. ap. Non. 204, 8.—In plur.:

animis: quodsi exspectando et desiderando pendemus animis, cruciamur, angimur,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 40, 96:

sollicitis ac pendentibus animis,

Liv. 7, 30 fin. dub. (al. animi, v. Drak. ad loc.).—With cum:

plebs innumera mentibus cum dimicationum curulium eventu pendentem,

Amm. 14, 6, 26.—Law t. t., to be undetermined, to await decision:

pendente condicione,

Gai. Inst. 2, 200; 1, 186; 3, 179.—

To have weight or value:

bona vera idem pendent,

Sen. Ep. 66, 30 (Haas; al. pendunt).—Hence, pendens, entis, P. a.

Hanging; in econom. lang., of fruits not yet plucked or gathered:

vinum,

Cato, R. R. 147:

vindemia,

Dig. 19, 1, 25:

olea,

Cato, R. R. 146:

fructus,

Dig. 6, 1, 44. —

Pending; hence, in jurid, Lat., in pendenti esse, to be pending, undecided, uncertain:

quando in pendenti est, an, etc.,

Dig. 38, 17, 10:

in pendenti est posterior solutio ac prior,

ib. 46, 3, 58; 7, 1, 25:

in pendenti habere aliquid,

to regard a thing as uncertain, doubtful, Dig. 49, 17, 19 fin.

ex-ănĭmo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a.

To deprive of air or wind.

Lit.: folles, i. e. to press together, so as to force out the air, Auct. Aetnae, 560.—

Transf. (in pass.), to be out of breath, weakened, exhausted:

simul fore ut duplicato cursu Caesaris milites exanimarentur et lassitudine conficerentur,

Caes. B. C. 3, 92, 2:

milites cursu ac lassitudine exanimati,

id. B. G. 2, 23, 1; 3, 19, 1; Plaut. As. 2, 1, 17; id. Cas. 3, 5, 8; 3, 3, 10.—

Of impers. or abstr. things, to be weakened:

(vini faex) celerrime exanimatur loco non incluso condita,

loses its strength, Plin. 23, 2, 31, § 64: nolo verba exiliter exanimata exire, with feeble breath, i. e. lifeless, tame, Cic. de Or. 3, 11, 41.—

To deprive of life, to kill (freq. and class.).

Lit.:

telum saepe nocentes Praeterit exanimatque indignos,

Lucr. 2, 1104:

aliquem,

id. 6, 243; Suet. Aug. 29; Curt. 7, 3; Hor. C. 2, 17, 1; cf.:

se taxo,

Caes. B. G. 6, 31 fin. —

In pass., to be deprived of life, be killed, to die:

(Epaminondas) cum gravi vulnere exanimari se videret,

Cic. Fin. 2, 30, 97; cf. Nep. Epam. 9 fin.; so Cic. Tusc. 5, 27, 77; Caes. B. G. 6, 16, 4; Suet. Caes. 39 fin. al.; cf. in the part. perf.:

exanimatus,

killed, dead, Lucr. 6, 1256 (with exanimis); Caes. B. G. 5, 44, 6; 7, 25, 2 and 3; Liv. 9, 1; 25, 7; 22, 7 fin. al. —

Trop., to deprive of life or spirit, to alarm or terrify greatly, to put out of one's senses with fright, horror, etc.; to agitate, trouble:

vorsor in amoris rota miser, Exanimor, feror, differor, distrahor, diripior,

Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 5:

oratio haec me miseram exanimavit metu,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 16; cf.:

te metus exanimant judiciorum atque legum,

Cic. Par. 2, 18:

Decius torpidos somno insuper pavore exanimat,

Liv. 7, 36:

adolescentulus sic initio accusationis exanimatus sum, ut, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 1, 26, 121:

me exanimant et interimunt hae voces Milonis,

id. Mil. 34, 93:

Tulliae meae morbus et imbecillitas corporis me exanimat,

id. Att. 11, 6, 4:

cur me querelis exanimas (= conturbas, summo maerore afficis) tuis?

Hor. C. 2, 17, 1; cf. id. S. 1, 4, 127; id. Ep. 2, 1, 178 et saep.—In the part. perf.:

exanimata metu,

Ter. Phorm. 3, 3, 32; cf. Cic. Mil. 23; id. Verr. 2, 2, 77; id. Cat. 4, 2: non me fefellit, sensi;

eo exanimatus fui,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 4, 64; id. Ps. 1, 1, 7; Ter. And. 1, 1, 104; id. Phorm. 5, 1, 5; Verg. A. 5, 805; Stat. Th. 4, 760 al.

sublīmis, e (collat. form sublīmus, a, um: ex sublimo vertice, Cic. poët. Tusc. 2, 7, 19; Enn. ap. Non. 169; Att. and Sall. ib. 489, 8 sq.; Lucr. 1, 340), adj. [etym. dub.; perh. sub-limen, up to the lintel; cf. sublimen] (sublimem est in altitudinem elatum, Fest. p. 306 Müll.), uplifted, high, lofty, exalted, elevated (mostly poet. and in postAug. prose; not in Cic. or Cæs.; syn.: editus, arduus, celsus, altus).

Lit.

In gen., high, lofty:

hic vertex nobis semper sublimis,

Verg. G. 1, 242; cf. Hor. C. 1, 1, 36:

montis cacumen,

Ov. M. 1, 666:

tectum,

id. ib. 14, 752:

columna,

id. ib. 2, 1:

atrium,

Hor. C. 3, 1, 46:

arcus (Iridis),

Plin. 2, 59, 60, § 151:

portae,

Verg. A. 12, 133:

nemus,

Luc. 3, 86 et saep.: os, directed upwards (opp. to pronus), Ov. M. 1, 85; cf. id. ib. 15, 673; Hor. A. P. 457:

flagellum,

uplifted, id. C. 3, 26, 11:

armenta,

Col. 3, 8:

currus,

Liv. 28, 9.— Comp.:

quanto sublimior Atlas Omnibus in Libyā sit montibus,

Juv. 11, 24.— Sup.:

triumphans in illo sublimissimo curru,

Tert. Apol. 33.—

Esp., borne aloft, uplifted, elevated, raised:

rapite sublimem foras,

Plaut. Mil. 5, 1:

sublimem aliquem rapere (arripere, auferre, ferre),

id. As. 5, 2, 18; id. Men. 5, 7, 3; 5, 7, 6; 5, 7, 13; 5, 8, 3; Ter. And. 5, 2, 20; id. Ad. 3, 2, 18; Verg. A. 5, 255; 11, 722 (in all these passages others read sublimen, q. v.); Ov. M 4, 363 al.:

campi armis sublimibus ardent,

borne aloft, lofty, Verg. A. 11, 602: sublimes in [p. 1779] equis redeunt, id. ib. 7, 285:

apparet liquido sublimis in aëre Nisus,

id. G. 1, 404; cf.:

ipsa (Venus) Paphum sublimis abit,

on high through the air, id. A. 1, 415:

sublimis abit,

Liv. 1, 16; 1, 34:

vehitur,

Ov. M. 5, 648 al. —

On high, lofty, in a high position:

tenuem texens sublimis aranea telum,

Cat. 68, 49:

juvenem sublimem stramine ponunt,

Verg. A. 11, 67:

sedens solio sublimis avito,

Ov. M. 6, 650:

Tyrio jaceat sublimis in ostro,

id. H. 12, 179.—

Subst.: sublīme, is, n., height; sometimes to be rendered the air:

piro per lusum in sublime jactato,

Suet. Claud. 27; so, in sublime, Auct. B. Afr. 84, 1; Plin. 10, 38, 54, § 112; 31, 6, 31, § 57:

per sublime volantes grues,

id. 18, 35, 87, § 362:

in sublimi posita facies Dianae,

id. 36, 5, 4, § 13:

ex sublimi devoluti,

id. 27, 12, 105, § 129.— Plur.:

antiquique memor metuit sublimia casus,

Ov. M. 8, 259:

per maria ac terras sublimaque caeli,

Lucr. 1, 340.—

Trop., lofty, exalted, eminent, distinguished.

In gen.:

antiqui reges ac sublimes viri,

Varr. R. R. 2, 4, 9; cf. Luc. 10, 378:

mens,

Ov. P. 3, 3, 103:

pectora,

id. F. 1, 301:

nomen,

id. Tr. 4, 10, 121:

sublimis, cupidusque et amata relinquere pernix,

aspiring, Hor. A. P. 165; cf.:

nil parvum sapias et adhuc sublimia cures,

id. Ep. 1, 12, 15.— Comp.:

quā claritate nihil in rebus humanis sublimius duco,

Plin. 22, 5, 5, § 10; Juv. 8, 232.— Sup.:

sancimus supponi duos sublimissimos judices,

Cod. Just. 7, 62, 39.—

In partic., of language, lofty, elevated, sublime (freq. in Quint.):

sublimia carmina,

Juv. 7, 28:

verbum,

Quint. 8, 3, 18:

clara et sublimia verba,

id. ib.:

oratio,

id. 8, 3, 74:

genus dicendi,

id. 11, 1, 3:

actio (opp. causae summissae),

id. 11, 3, 153:

si quis sublimia humilibus misceat,

id. 8, 3, 60 et saep.— Transf., of orators, poets, etc.:

natura sublimis et acer,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 165:

sublimis et gravis et grandiloquus (Aeschylus),

Quint. 10, 1, 66:

Trachalus plerumque sublimis,

id. 10, 1, 119.— Comp.:

sublimior gravitas Sophoclis,

Quint. 10, 1, 68:

sublimius aliquid,

id. 8, 3, 14:

jam sublimius illud pro Archiā, Saxa atque solitudines voci respondent,

id. 8, 3, 75.—Hence, advv.

Lit., aloft, loftily, on high.

Form sub-līmĭter (rare):

stare,

upright, Cato, R. R. 70, 2; so id. ib. 71:

volitare,

Col. 8, 11, 1:

munitur locus,

id. 8, 15, 1.—

Form sub-līme (class.):

Theodori nihil interest, humine an sublime putescat,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 43, 102; cf.:

scuta, quae fuerant sublime fixa, sunt humi inventa,

id. Div. 2, 31, 67:

volare,

Lucr. 2, 206; 6, 97:

ferri,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 17, 40; id. N. D. 2, 39, 101; 2, 56, 141 Orell. N. cr.:

elati,

Liv. 21, 30:

expulsa,

Verg. G. 1, 320 et saep.—

Comp.:

sublimius altum Attollit caput,

Ov. Hal. 69.—

Trop., of speech, in a lofty manner, loftily (very rare):

alia sublimius, alia gravius esse dicenda,

Quint. 9, 4, 130.

* * *

ventĭlo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [ventulus], to toss, swing, brandish in the air; to fan. [p. 1970]

Lit.

In gen.:

facem,

Prop. 4 (5), 3, 50:

arma,

Mart. 5, 31, 4:

aureos nummos manu,

App. M. 2, p. 126, 14.— Absol.:

quam stultum est, cum signum pugnae acceperis, ventilare!

Sen. Ep. 117, 25:

aliud est pugnare, aliud ventilare,

id. Excerpt. Contr. 3 praef. med.:

cubitum utrumque in diversum latus,

Quint. 11, 3, 118:

populeas ventilat aura comas,

fans, sways, agitates, Ov. Am. 1, 7, 54:

incendia (flatus),

i. e. to fan, inflame, kindle, Sil. 17, 507: frigus, fans coolness upon him, i. e. cools him with fanning, Mart. 3, 82, 10.— Absol.:

aestate apertis foribus atque etiam aliquo ventilante cubabat,

Suet. Aug. 82: ventilat aestivum digitis sudantibus aurum, i. e. tosses to and fro (as it were) in order to cool it, Juv. 1, 28:

alis,

Claud. in Eutr. 1, 109.—Mid.:

alio atque alio positu ventilari,

to move one's self, Sen. Tranq. 2, 10.—

In partic., econom. t. t., to toss grain into the air, in order to cleanse it from chaff, to winnow, Varr. R. R. 1, 55, 6; Col. 12, 30, 1; 1, 6, 16; Plin. 18, 30, 73, § 302; 18, 32, 75, § 322.—

Trop., to set in motion, to move, disturo, agitate, disquiet: cujus lingua quasi flabello seditionis illa tum est egentium contio ventilata, * Cic. Fl. 23, 54:

nomen alicujus pro tribunalibus,

i. e. to bring forward, App. Mag. p. 337, 30: vitam insontium Manibus accitis, Cod. Th. 9, 16, 5; Cod. Just. 9, 18, 6.

ăgĭto, āvi, ātum, 1, v. freq. a. [ago], as if the supine were agitu; cf.: quaero quaerito.

Lit., to put a thing in motion, to drive or impel (mostly poet., or in more elevated prose; from poetry it passed, after the Aug. per., into common prose).

Of cattle, to drive, conduct (cf. ago):

calcari quadrupedem agitabo advorsum clivom,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 118:

stimulo boves agitat,

Vulg. Eccli. 38, 26:

hanc in curru bijugos agitare leones,

drives her span of lions, Lucr. 2, 602:

agitantur quadrigae,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 41 Müll.:

ad flumina currus,

Verg. G. 3, 18:

jussit agitari currum suum,

Vulg. 2 Macc. 9, 4: lanigeros greges hirtasque capellas, to drive, poet. for to tend, Verg. G. 3, 287:

sacros jugales (dracones),

Ov. M. 5, 661:

quadrigas bigasque et equos desultorios,

Suet. Caes. 39.—

Of the motion of other things, to move, impel, shake:

triremem in portu,

Nep. Dion, 9, 2:

alas,

Ov. Tr. 3, 4, 21:

manibusque leves agitavit habenas,

id. M. 7, 221:

hastam,

id. ib. 3, 667: caput, to move the head ( in token of assent = annuere), id. ib. 1, 567:

arundinem vento agitatam,

Vulg. Matt. 11, 7.—Esp., of animals, to hunt, chase, pursue: etiamsi excitaturus [p. 72] non sis nec agitaturus feras, Cic. Off. 3, 17:

aquila insectans alias aves atque agitans,

id. Div. 2, 70:

trepidas columbas,

Ov. M. 5, 606; 11, 300:

damas,

id. ib. 10, 539:

cursu timidos onagros,

Verg. G. 3, 409 al. —

Of the motion caused by the wind, to drive to and fro, toss about, agitate, disturb:

ventus enim fit, ubi est agitando percitus aër,

when the air is violently agitated and driven, Lucr. 6, 686:

mare ventorum vi agitari atque turbari,

Cic. Clu. 49 fin.; id. Univ. 3, 7:

freta ponti Incipiunt agitata tumescere,

Verg. G. 1, 357:

aristas,

Ov. A. A. 1, 553:

Zephyris agitata Tempe,

Hor. C. 3, 1, 24:

ventis agitatur pinus,

id. ib. 2, 10, 9:

veteres agitantur orni,

id. ib. 1, 9, 12:

agitaret aura capillos,

id. Epod. 15, 9.—

Of the motion caused by the water: agitata numina Trojae, tossed or driven about upon the sea, Verg. A. 6, 68; Prop. 3, 21, 5.—

In gen., of the motion caused by other things:

magnes (lapis) agitat (ferri ramenta) per aes,

Lucr. 6, 1054:

agitari inter se concursu,

Cic. N. D. 1, 39: pulsu externo agitari, Macr Somn. Scip. 9.— Poet. of mist, to produce it by motion or agitation: dejectuque (Peneus) gravi tenues agitantia fumos Nubila conducit, and by its impetuous descent (into the valley) raises clouds producing mist, Ov. M. 1, 571—

Trop.

To rouse up, excite, move, urge, drive, impel one to something: aliquem, sometimes in aliquid (so in Florus very freq.):

in furias agitantur equae,

are excited to fury, Ov. A. A. 2, 487:

agitare plebem,

to stir up, rouse, Liv. 3, 11:

populum,

Flor. 2, 12, 2; so id. 11, 6, 2 al.:

agitatus cupiditate regni,

id. 3, 1:

gens sacratis legibus agitata in exitium urbis,

id. 1, 16, 7.—

To disquiet, disturb, to drive hither and thither, to vex, trouble, torment (the fig. taken from the sea agitated by storm; cf. Gernh. and Beier upon Cic. Off. 1, 24, 82):

dii deaeque te agitant irati,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 115:

atra bilis agitat hominem,

id. Capt. 3, 4, 64; so id. Curc. 1, 1, 92; 2, 1, 24:

ut eos agitent furiae, neque usquam consistere patiantur,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 24 (cf. Verg. A. 3, 331:

scelerum furiis agitatus Orestes,

id. ib. 4, 471):

suum quemque scelus agitat amentiaque afficit,

id. ib. 24:

agitare et insequi poëtas,

Tac. Or. 4; 25 and 41:

multis injuriis jactata atque agita ta,

Cic. Quint. 2:

est magni viri, rebus agitatis (= perturbatis, Beier) punire sontes,

id. Off. 1, 24, 82:

agitabatur animus inopiā rei familiaris et conscientiā scelerum,

Sall. C. 5, 7:

quos conscientia defectionis agitabat,

Tac. Agr. 16:

commotus metu atque libidine diversus agitabatur,

was drawn in different directions, Sall. J 25, 6; Liv. 22, 12. ne te semper inops agitet vexetque cupido, Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 98:

quos agitabat timor,

Tac. Agr. 16:

timore et metu agitati,

Vulg. Judith, 15, 1:

injuriis agitatus,

Flor. 1, 8, 7:

seditionibus,

Just. 12, 4, 12.—

To assail with reproach, derision, insult; to reprove, blame, scoff, deride, insult, mock:

agitat rem militarem, insectatur totam legationem,

attacks, ridicules, Cic. Mur. 9, 21; id. Brut. 28, 109: mea saevis agitat fastidia verbis, Hor Epod. 12, 13; without verbis:

agitant expertia frugis,

id. A. P. 341:

vesanum poëtam agitant pueri,

id. ib. 456.—

In gen., to drive or urge on a thing, to accomplish or do, to drive at, to be employed in, be engaged in, to have, hold, keep, to celebrate; v. ago, II. D. (in the historians, esp. Sallust, very freq.):

Haec ego non agitem?

should I not drive at? Juv. 1, 52:

vigilias,

to keep, Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 27; so,

custodiam,

id. Rud. 3, 6, 20; so Tac. A. 11, 18:

hoc agitemus convivium vino et sermone suavi,

let us celebrate, Plaut. As. 5, 1, 7:

Dionysia,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 4, 11; so id. Hec. 1, 2, 18:

convivia,

Ov. M. 7, 431; Suet. Claud. 32 festa gaudia, Sil. 15, 423:

meum natalem,

Plaut. Pers. 5, 1, 16;

so festos dies,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 63:

jocos,

Ov. M. 3, 319:

agraria lex a Flavio tribuno plebis vehementer agitabatur,

was powerfully urged, supportcd, Cic. Att. 1, 19:

quae cum praecepta parentis mei agitarem,

was striving to comply with, Sall. J. 14, 2 (modestius dictum pro:

studere, ut agerem, Cort.): laeti pacem agitabamus,

were at peace, enjoyed the delights of peace, id. ib. 14, 10:

dicit se missum a consule venisse quaesitum ab eo, pacem an bellum agitaturus foret,

id. ib. 109, 2:

quoniam deditionis morā induciae agitabantur,

there was a truce, id. ib. 29, 4; id. C. 24, 2.— Poet.:

ceu primas agitant acies, certamina miscent,

as if they formed the front rank, Sil. 9, 330.—Hence of time, esp. life, to pass, spend (cf. ago, II. D 5.):

vita hominum sine cupiditate agitabatur,

Sall. C. 2, 1:

agitare aevum,

Verg. G. 4, 154; id. A. 10, 235:

festos dies,

Tac. H. 3, 78.—In Sall., Tac., Flor., et al., agitare absol., to live, dwell, abide, sojourn, be:

hi propius mare Africum agitabant,

Sall. J 18, 9; cf id. ib. 19, 5; id. Fragm. H. 3, 11; so id. J. 54, 2; 59, 1; 94, 4:

laeti Germant agitabant,

Tac. A. 1, 50:

secretus agitat,

id. ib. 11, 21:

montium editis sine cultu atque eo ferocius agitabant,

id. ib. 4, 46; Flor. 4, 12, 48.—

Of the mind: agitare aliquid or de aliquā re (in corde, in mente, animo, cum animo, secum, etc.), to drive at a thing in the mind, i. e. to turn over, revolve, to weigh, consider, meditate upon, and with the idea of action to be performed or a conclusion to be made, to deliberate upon, to devise, contrive, plot, to be occupied with, to design, intend, etc.: id ego semper mecum sic agito et comparo, Att ap. Non. 256, 20:

quom eam rem in corde agito,

Plaut. Truc 2, 5, 3:

id agitans mecum,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 10; so Sall. J. 113, 3:

habet nihil aliud quod agitet in mente,

Cic. N. D. 1, 41:

est tuum sic agitare animo, ut, etc.,

id. Fam. 6, 1:

quae omnes animo agitabant,

Tac. A. 6, 9:

provincias secretis imaginationibus agitans,

id. ib. 15, 36 in animo bellum, Liv 21, 2; Vell. 1, 16; Quint. 12, 2, 28.—With inf., as object:

ut mente agitaret bellum renovare,

Nep. Ham. 1, 4.— Poet.:

aliquid jamdudum invadere magnum Mens agitat mihi,

Verg. A 9, 187. —Sometimes also without mente, animo, and the like, agitare aliquid, in the same signif:

quodsi ille hoc unum agitare coeperit, esse, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 96:

rem a me saepe deliberatam et multum agitatam requiris,

id. Ac. 1, 2: oratori omnia quaesita, disputata, tractata, agitata ( well considered or weighed) esse debent, id. de Or. 3, 14:

fugam,

Verg. A. 2, 640.—So esp. freq. in Tac.:

Britanni agitare inter se mala servitutis, Agr 15: bellum adversus patrem agitare,

id. H. 4, 86, id. A. 1, 5; 1, 12.—With de:

de bello,

Tac. H. 2, 1:

agitanti de Claudio,

id. A. 6, 46:

de tempore ac loco caedis agitabant,

id. ib. 15, 50; 1, 12; id. H. 4, 59.—With num:

agitavere, num Messalinam depellerent amore Silli,

Tac. A. 11, 29; id. H. 1, 19.— With - ne:

agitavere placeretne, etc.,

Tac. H. 3, 1.—With an:

an Artaxata pergeret, agitavit,

Tac. A. 13, 41 —With quomodo, Tac. A. 2, 12.—With ut (of purpose):

ut Neronem pudor caperet, insita spe agitari,

Tac. A. 16, 26.—

To treat or speak of or concerning a thing, to confer about, deliberate upon. Romae per omnīs locos et conventus de facto consulis agitart ( impers., for agitabatur), discussions were had, Sall. J 30, 1;

cum de foedere victor agitaret,

Liv. 9, 5; 30, 3.—

Sat agitare, with gen., in Plaut., = sat agere, to have enough to do, to have trouble with: nunc agitas sat tute tuarum rerum, Bacch. 4, 3, 23.

caelum ( cēlum, Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 640), i, n. [caedo], the chisel or burin of the sculptor or engraver, a graver:

caelata vasa... a caelo vocata, quod est genus ferramenti, quem vulgo cilionem vocant,

Isid. Orig. 20, 4, 7; Quint. 2, 21, 24; Varr. ap. Non. p. 99, 18; Stat. S. 4, 6, 26; Mart. 6, 13, 1.— Plur., Aus. Epigr. 57, 6.

caelum ( coelum; cf. Aelius ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 18 Müll.; Plin. 2, 4, 3, § 9; Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 52, § 129), i, n. (old form cae-lus, i, m., Enn. ap. Non. p. 197, 9; and ap. Charis. p. 55 P.; Petr. 39, 5 sq.; 45, 3; Arn. 1, 59; cf. the foll. I. 2.; plur. caeli, only poet., Lucr. 2, 1097, caelos, cf. Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 331; and in eccl. writers freq. for the Heb., v. infra, cf. Caes. ap Gell. 19, 8, 3 sq., and Charis. p. 21 P., who consider the plur. in gen. as not in use, v. Rudd. I. p. 109. From Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 3: unum caelum esset an innumerabilia, nothing can be positively inferred.—Form cael: divum domus altisonum cael, Enn. ap. Aus. Technop. 13, 17, or Ann. v. 561 Vahl.) [for cavilum, root in cavus; cf. Sanscr. çva-, to swell, be hollow; Gr. kuô, koilos], the sky, heaven, the heavens, the vault of heaven (in Lucr alone more than 150 times): hoc inde circum supraque, quod complexu continet terram, id quod nostri caelum memorant, Pac. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 17 Müll.:

ante mare et terras et quod tegit omnia caelum,

Ov. M. 1, 5; cf.:

quis pariter (potis est) caelos omnīs convortere,

Lucr. 2, 1097:

boat caelum fremitu virum,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 78; cf. Tib. 2, 5, 73; Cic. Rep. 6, 18, 1; cf. Cat. 62, 26:

quicquid deorum in caelo regit,

Hor. Epod. 5, 1 et saep.:

lapides pluere, fulmina jaci de caelo,

Liv. 28, 27, 16.—Hence the phrase de caelo tangi, to be struck with lightning, Cato, R. R. 14, 3; Liv. 26, 23, 5 Drak.; 29, 14, 3; Verg. E. 1, 17; Suet. Aug. 94; id. Galb. 1; Tac. A. 13, 24; 14, 12;

so also, e caelo ictus,

Cic. Div. 1, 10, 16.—

Personified: Caelus (Caelum, Hyg. Fab. praef.), son of Aether and Dies, Cic. N. D. 3, 17, 44; father of Saturn, Enn. ap. Non. p. 197, 9; Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 63; of Vulcan, id. ib. 3, 21, 55; of Mercury and the first Venus, id. ib. 3, 23, 59, Serv ad Verg. A. 1, 297 al.—

In the lang. of augury:

de caelo servare,

to observe the signs of heaven, Cic. Att. 4, 3, 3; so,

de caelo fieri, of celestial signs,

to appear, occur, id. Div. 1, 42, 93.—

Prov.:

quid si nunc caelum ruat? of a vain fear,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 41 Don.; cf. Varr ap. Non. p. 499, 24: delabi caelo, to drop down from the sky, of sudden or unexpected good fortune, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 14, 41; cf.. caelo missus, Tib 1, 3, 90; Liv. 10, 8, 10; Plin. 26, 3, 7, § 13:

decidere de caelo,

Plaut. Pers. 2, 3, 6 al.: caelum ac terras miscere, to confound every thing, overturn all, raise chaos, Liv 4, 3, 6; cf. Verg. A. 1, 133; 5, 790; Juv. 2, 25: findere caelum aratro, of an impossibility, Ov Tr 1, 8, 3: toto caelo errare, to err very much, be much or entirely mistaken, Macr. S. 3, 12, 10.—

Gen. caeli in a pun with Caeli, gen. of Caelius, Serv. et Philarg. ad Verg. E. 3, 105.—

In eccl. Lat. the plur caeli, ōrum, m., is very freq., the heavens, Tert. de Fuga, 12; id. adv. Marc. 4, 22; 5, 15; Lact. Epit. 1, 3; Cypr. Ep. 3, 3; 4, 5; Vulg. Psa. 32, 6; 21, 32; id. Isa. 1, 2.—

Meton.

Heaven, in a more restricted sense; the region of heaven, a climate, zone, region:

cuicumque particulae caeli officeretur, quamvis esset procul, mutari lumina putabat,

to whatever part of the horizon, however distant, the view was obstructed, Cic. de Or. 1, 39, 179; cf. Quint. 1, 10, 45:

hoc caelum, sub quo natus educatusque essem,

Liv. 5, 54, 3; so Plin. 8, 54, 80, § 216; 17, 2, 2, §§ 16 and 19 sq.; Flor. 4, 12, 62:

caelum non animum mutant, qui trans mare currunt,

Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 27.—

The air, sky, atmosphere, temperature, climate, weather (very freq.):

in hoc caelo, qui dicitur aër,

Lucr. 4, 132; Plin. 2, 38, 38, § 102:

caelum hoc, in quo nubes, imbres ventique coguntur,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 19, 43:

pingue et concretum caelum,

id. Div. 1, 57, 130: commoda, quae percipiuntur caeli temperatione, id. N. D. 2, 5, 13; cf.:

caell intemperies,

Liv. 8, 18, 1; Quint. 7, 2, 3;

Col. prooem. 1' intemperantia,

id. ib. 3:

spiritus,

Cic. Cat. 1, 6, 15:

gravitas,

id. Att. 11, 22, 2; Tac. A. 2, 85:

varium caeli morem praediscere,

Verg. G. 1, 51:

varietas et mutatio,

Col. 11, 2, 1:

qualitas,

Quint. 5, 9, 15:

caeli solique clementia,

Flor. 3, 3, 13:

subita mutatio,

id. 4, 10, 9 al. —With adj.:

bonum,

Cato, R. R. 1, 2:

tenue,

Cic. Fat. 4, 7:

salubre,

id. Div. 1, 57, 130:

serenum,

Verg. G. 1, 260:

palustre,

Liv. 22, 2, 11:

austerum,

Plin. 18, 12, 31, § 123:

foedum imbribus ac nebulis,

Tac. Agr. 12:

atrox,

Flor. 3, 2, 2 et saep.:

hibernum,

Plin. 2, 47, 47, § 122:

austrinum,

id. 16, 26, 46, § 109:

Italum,

Hor. C. 2, 7, 4:

Sabinum,

id. Ep. 1, 7, 77; cf.:

quae sit hiems Veliae, quod caelum Salerni,

id. ib. 1, 15, 1. —

Daytime, day (very rare): albente caelo, at break of day, Sisenn. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 35; Caes. B. C. 1, 68; Auct. B. Afr. 11; 80; cf.:

eodem die albescente caelo,

Dig. 28, 2, 25, § 1:

vesperascente caelo,

in the evening twilight, Nep. Pelop. 2, 5.—

Height:

mons in caelum attollitur,

toward heaven, heavenwards, Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 6; cf.

Verg.: aequata machina caelo,

Verg. A. 4, 89.—So of the earth or upper world in opposition to the lower world:

falsa ad caelum mittunt insomnia Manes,

Verg. A. 6, 896.—

Heaven, the abode of the happy dead, etc. (eccl. Lat.), Vulg. Apoc. 4, 2; 11, 15 et saep.; cf.:

cum (animus) exierit et in liberum caelum quasi domum suam venerit,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 22, 51:

ut non ad mortem trudi, verum in caelum videretur escendere,

id. ib. 1, 29, 71.—

Trop, the summit of prosperity, happiness, honor, etc.:

Caesar in caelum fertur,

Cic. Phil. 4, 3, 6; cf. id. Att. 14, 18, 1; 6, 2, 9:

Pisonem ferebat in caelum,

praised, id. ib. 16, 7, 5:

te summis laudibus ad caelum extulerunt,

id. Fam. 9, 14, 1; 12, 25, 7; Hor. Ep 1, 10, 9; Tac. Or. 19.—Of things:

omnia, quae etiam tu in caelum ferebas,

extolled, Cic. Att. 7, 1, 5:

caelo tenus extollere aliquid,

Just. 12, 6, 2:

in caelo ponere aliquem,

id.,4,14; and: exaequare aliquem caelo, Lucr 1, 79; Flor. 2, 19, 3:

Catonem caelo aequavit,

Tac. A. 4, 34:

caelo Musa beat,

Hor. C. 4, 8, 29; cf.:

recludere caelum,

id. ib. 3, 2, 22;

the opp.: collegam de caelo detraxisti,

deprived of his exalted honor, Cic. Phil. 2, 42, 107: in caelo sum, I am in heaven, i. e. am very happy, id. Att. 2, 9, 1:

digito caelum attingere,

to be extremely fortunate, id. ib. 2, 1, 7:

caelum accepisse fatebor,

Ov. M. 14, 844:

tunc tangam vertice caelum,

Aus. Idyll. 8 fin.; cf.:

caelum merere,

Sen. Suas. 1 init. —

In gen., a vault, arch, covering:

caelum camerarum,

the interior surface of a vault, Vitr. 7, 3, 3; Flor. 3, 5, 30 dub.:

capitis,

Plin. 11, 37, 49, § 134.